🌍 English Learning Course (From Basic to Advanced)
📘 Parts 26–30: Clauses, Reports, Letters, Idioms & Speaking Topics
💙 Part 26: Clauses — The Heart of Sentences
🎯 What Is a Clause?
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb.
Every sentence contains at least one clause.
There are two main types of clauses:
- Independent Clause – can stand alone as a sentence.
- Dependent Clause – cannot stand alone; depends on another clause.
🧩 Example:
- Independent: I like coffee.
- Dependent: because I feel tired.
✅ Together: I like coffee because I feel tired.
💡 Types of Dependent Clauses:
1️⃣ Noun Clause
Acts as a noun (subject or object).
Examples:
- I know that he is honest.
- What you said is true.
- She believes that success needs hard work.
👉 Tip: If you can replace the clause with a noun (“something”), it’s a noun clause.
Example: I know something → “something” = noun clause.
2️⃣ Adjective Clause
Describes a noun (like an adjective).
Usually begins with who, which, that, whose.
Examples:
- The book that I bought is interesting.
- The girl who sings well is my friend.
- The car which is parked outside belongs to my father.
👉 Tip: It adds extra information about a person or thing.
3️⃣ Adverb Clause
Describes a verb (like an adverb).
Usually begins with because, when, if, although, before, after, until.
Examples:
- I stayed home because it was raining.
- When I arrived, the class had started.
- If you work hard, you will succeed.
👉 Tip: It tells you why, when, or how something happens.
🏋️ Practice Time:
Identify the type of clause:
- She said that she was happy.
- The man who called you is my uncle.
- I will go if it doesn’t rain.
Answers:
- Noun Clause
- Adjective Clause
- Adverb Clause
✨ Real-Life Tip:
Use clauses to make your writing richer and more natural.
Example:
Instead of saying “I met a boy. He was kind.”
Say: “I met a boy who was kind.”
💙 Part 27: Report Writing
🎯 What Is a Report?
A report is a formal description of an event, activity, or situation.
It gives information in a clear and structured way.
Reports are common in:
- Schools and colleges
- Offices and organizations
- Newspapers and media
💡 Types of Reports:
- School Report (Event/Activity Report)
- Official Report (Work/Project Report)
- News Report (For newspaper or magazine)
🧩 1. School Report Example:
Title: Annual Sports Day Celebration
The Annual Sports Day was held at our school on 25th January. The event began with the national anthem. The principal welcomed the chief guest, who encouraged students to take part in sports activities. Various events like running, long jump, and relay race were conducted. Students cheered enthusiastically. At the end, prizes were distributed to the winners. The event concluded with a vote of thanks. It was a day full of energy and joy.
🧩 2. Office/Project Report Example:
Title: Monthly Sales Performance – October 2025
This report presents the sales performance of the company for October 2025. The total revenue increased by 10% compared to September. The highest sales were achieved in the eastern region. However, online sales saw a slight decline due to server issues. The marketing team plans to launch a festive discount next month to boost online growth. Overall, performance was satisfactory and improvements are expected in the coming months.
🧩 3. News Report Example:
Title: Heavy Rain Causes Traffic Jam in City
Heavy rainfall in Kolkata on Tuesday morning caused major traffic jams across the city. Several roads were flooded, and vehicles moved slowly. The municipal corporation deployed workers to clear the drains. People were advised to avoid unnecessary travel. According to the weather department, rain is expected to continue for two more days.
🧠 Report Writing Format:
- Title/Heading
- Introduction (What, When, Where, Who)
- Body (Details, Events, Results)
- Conclusion (Ending or Suggestions)
- Name/Designation (if required)
🏋️ Practice Task:
Write a short report on “Cleanliness Drive in Your Locality.”
💙 Part 28: Letter Writing
🎯 What Is a Letter?
A letter is a written message from one person to another.
It can be formal or informal.
💌 1. Formal Letter
Used for official communication — schools, offices, government, etc.
Format:
Sender’s Address
Date
Receiver’s Address
Subject: (Main reason for letter)
Salutation (Dear Sir/Madam,)
Body of the letter (3 paragraphs):
- Introduction
- Details/Request
- Conclusion
Yours faithfully,
(Signature)
Name
Example: Subject: Request for Issue of Transfer Certificate
Dear Sir,
I am a student of Class 10, and I request you to issue my Transfer Certificate as I am moving to another city with my parents. Please do the needful at the earliest.
Thank you for your help.
Yours faithfully,
Ravi Sharma
💌 2. Informal Letter
Used for friends, family, or relatives.
Format:
Address
Date
Dear (Name),
Body of the letter:
- Start with greeting
- Talk about news, feelings, updates
- End warmly
Yours lovingly,
Name
Example: Dear Riya,
How are you? I am fine here. Last week we went for a picnic at the park. It was so much fun! We played games, ate delicious food, and took many photos. I wish you were here with us. Hope to see you soon!
Yours lovingly,
Meera
🧠 Tips:
- Write clearly and politely.
- Keep formal letters short.
- Use correct punctuation.
- Avoid slang in formal letters.
🏋️ Practice Task:
Write a formal letter to your Principal requesting a leave for two days.
💙 Part 29: Idioms and Phrases
🎯 What Are Idioms?
An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the literal words.
Idioms make your language colorful and natural.
🧩 Common Idioms and Meanings:
| Idiom | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Break the ice | To start a conversation | The teacher broke the ice with a funny story. |
| A piece of cake | Very easy | This exam was a piece of cake! |
| Once in a blue moon | Very rarely | He visits his village once in a blue moon. |
| Under the weather | Feeling sick | I’m feeling under the weather today. |
| Hit the books | Study hard | I have to hit the books for my exam. |
| Spill the beans | Reveal a secret | Don’t spill the beans about the surprise. |
| Actions speak louder than words | What you do is more important than what you say | Show your effort — actions speak louder than words. |
💬 Practice:
Use each idiom in your own sentence.
Example: “My friend only calls me once in a blue moon.”
✨ Speaking Tip:
Using idioms makes your English sound natural and fluent.
Don’t use too many at once — choose one or two that fit naturally.
💙 Part 30: Daily Speaking Topics and Practice Tips
Now that you know grammar, writing, and vocabulary — it’s time to speak confidently!
🗣 1. Common Speaking Topics:
Try to speak for 1–2 minutes on each.
- My Daily Routine
- My Favorite Movie
- Importance of English
- A Memorable Day
- My Dream Job
- Technology in Our Life
- My Hobbies
🧠 Example:
Topic: My Favorite Movie
My favorite movie is “3 Idiots.” It is a story about friendship, learning, and following your passion. The film teaches us that success comes when we love what we do. I like the characters, especially Rancho, who inspires others to think differently. The movie is funny, emotional, and meaningful. I can watch it again and again.
🎤 2. Conversation Practice:
Topic: At an Interview
Interviewer: Why do you want this job?
Candidate: I want to join your company because it gives opportunities to learn and grow.
Interviewer: What are your strengths?
Candidate: I am honest, hard-working, and a quick learner.
💡 3. Practice Tips for Speaking English:
- Think in English. Don’t translate from your mother tongue.
- Read aloud daily to improve pronunciation.
- Record your voice and listen for mistakes.
- Use a mirror to practice facial expressions.
- Learn 5 new words every day and use them in sentences.
✨ Confidence Tip:
Don’t be afraid of mistakes — even native speakers make them!
Practice daily and celebrate small improvements.
🏁 Summary of Parts 26–30
| Part | Topic | Key Learning |
|---|---|---|
| 26 | Clauses | Connect ideas smoothly using dependent clauses |
| 27 | Report Writing | Learn to describe events formally |
| 28 | Letter Writing | Communicate in formal and informal styles |
| 29 | Idioms & Phrases | Add color and natural flow to your English |
| 30 | Speaking Topics | Build real-life confidence and fluency |